Ainu Women Using Mortar
Two Ainu women using a traditional Ainu mortar (nisu), made from a hollowed-out sugi (cryptomeria) log. It was used for threshing millet (later replaced by rice), wheat, and roots, as well as for beating grains into flour and paste. The two-ended pestle (iyutani) was held in the middle, which was slightly thinner. Although photographs usually show the women holding the pestle with a single hand, English painter, explorer, writer and anthropologist Arnold Henry Savage Landor (1865–1924), who visited the Ainu during an exploration in the late 19th century, describes both hands being used:
1920s • Ainu Mother & Child
Ainu mothers carried their young children in a loose garment, or net, on their back. The garment or net was supported by a band round the mother’s head. Ainu men carried children by holding them in their arms. This is quite different from the Japanese way of carrying children. For a sample of this, see 1910s • Children Carrying Children. For an interesting passage about the bond between Ainu mothers and children, read 1900s • Ainu Family.
1900s • Ainu Family
This glass slide offers a rare snap shot of Ainu family life showing what appears to be a father and his children. Most of the photos of Ainu of this period were posed. However in this image, only the little boy’s attention is directed at the photographer. The conversation between the man and the little girl in her colorful clothes, and the soft expression on the man’s face, makes this image especially charming.
Tokyo
 | # 70518-0030 Tokyo, 1920s • Dezome-shiki Taisho • Customs • New Year Unknown • Postcard • Unknown |
 | # 70822-0003 Tokyo 1890s • Nijubashi, Imperial Palace Meiji • At Work • Bridges Unknown • Albumen Print • Unknown |
 | # 61228-0002 Tokyo 1920s • Asakusa Nakamise Showa • Shops • Temples & Shrines Unknown • Postcard • Seikaido |
 | # 80131-0022 Tokyo 1910s • Asakusa Nakamise Meiji • Shops • Temples & Shrines Unknown • Postcard • Unknown |
 | # 80122-0006 Tokyo 1934 • Traffic in Nihonbashi Showa • City Views • Transport Unknown • Glass Slide • New York State Education Department |
 | # 80121-0011 Tokyo 1934 • Asakusa Nakamise Showa • Shops • Temples & Shrines Unknown • Glass Slide • New York State Education Department |
 | # 80121-0003 Tokyo 1924 • Large Private Garden Taisho • Buildings • Customs Unknown • Glass Slide • New York State Education Department |
 | # 80121-0002 Tokyo 1934 • Modern Obi Showa • People • Women Unknown • Glass Slide • New York State Education Department |
 | # 70222-0004 Tokyo 1910s • Ginza Taisho • City Views • Transport Unknown • Postcard • Unknown |
 | # 70219-0022 Tokyo 1890s • Prostitutes in Cage Meiji • Prostitution • Women Unknown • Albumen Print • Unknown |
 | # 70208-0016 Tokyo 1890s • Yoshiwara Brothel Meiji • Buildings • Prostitution Unknown • Albumen Print • Unknown |
 | # 70621-0002 Tokyo 1890s • Yoshiwara Brothels Meiji • City Views • Prostitution Unknown • Albumen Print • Unknown |
 | # 70621-0013 Tokyo 1900s • Yoshiwara Omon Meiji • City Views • Prostitution Unknown • Postcard • Tomboya |
 | # 70710-0006 Tokyo 1910s • Yoshiwara Prostitutes Meiji • Prostitution • Women Unknown • Postcard • Marukiya |
NOW JAPAN:
There were once about 5000 castles in Japan, but today there are only about 50 left. Here are 10 favorite Japanese castles.
Himeji Castle
You may have seen this castle as a ninja training school in James Bond's You Only Live Twice. It also appeared in The Last Samurai, several Kurosawa movies, and in the TV miniseries, Shogun. Also known as the “White Heron Castle”, Himeji Castle was originally built in the 14th century, and then rebuilt in 1580.
Matsumoto Castle
Matsumoto Castle was built in the 16th century and is sometimes called Crow's Castle because of it's black color.
Maruoka Castle
Also known as "Mist Castle" because of the legendary mist that obscures the castle when enemies approach. Maruoka Castle was built in 1576 and is located in Sakai, Japan.
Hiroshima Castle
Hiroshima Castle was built in the 1590s and destroyed in WWII by an atomic bomb. It has since been rebuilt and is now a museum.
Fukuyama Castle (a.k.a. Hisamatsu Castle or Iyō Castle)
Originally built with a double moat in the 17th century, Fukuyama Castle was a major castle of the Edo Period. It was rebuilt after WWII and contains a history museum.
Kiyosu Castle
Built somewhere between 1394 and 1427, Kiyosu Castle is located in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. It was a base of Oda Nobunaga who appeared in the Kurosawa movie Kagemusha, and as Goroda in James Clavell's Shogun.
Matsue Castle
Also known as the “Black Castle”, it is one of the few castles in Japan that is the original wooden form. From the outside it looks like a five-story castle, but has a hidden sixth-level. Matsue Castle was completed in 1622.
Nagoya Castle
Built in the early 16th century, Nagoya Castle was rebuilt after being destroyed in WWII where it was also used as a POW camp.
Okayama Castle
Okayama Castle is a spectacular black castle located in Okayama Japan sometimes called "Crow Castle".
Shimabara Castle
Shimabara Castle is a 5-story white castle located in Nagasaki Prefecture. The taxes imposed on the local farmers to build the castle were so severe that they revolted in an event called the Shimabara Rebellion. Shimabara Castle was completed in 1624.
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